The leading Swedish Social Democrat, Hjalmar Branting, opted for dealing with the issue purely from the standpoint of international law. Am J Int Law 17:641660, Scarpulla C (2002) The constitutional framework for the autonomy of land a survey of the status of an autonomous region in the throes of European integration. 1., Ch. [5]League of Nations, Council,Minutes of the Ninth Session of the Council of the League of Nations Held in Paris, September 16-20, 1920. Mariehamn served as the base for the last large oceanic commercial sailing-ships in the world. Capital: Mariehamn Seat of the land Autonomous Authorities, Mariehamn, The provisions of the land Autonomy Act, as I was to discover in 1992, and subsequently as EU Ambassador to Finland, posed special problems in relation to Finlands application for EU membership, since certain of these provisions were incompatible with the EUs Single Marketacquis[14], to which Finland, as a Member State, would be obliged to adhere. In Custodia Legis, 6 May 2020, International Court of Justice (2010) Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion of 22 July 2010, I.C.J. A special land protocol regulates land's position within the EU. The land Islands as a Demilitarised and Neutralised Zone. The lowest numbered postal code is for the capital Mariehamn, AX 22100, and the highest AX 22950 for Jurmo. Soon after, Finland declared independence from Russia. The sum is 0.5% of total Government income, excluding Government loans. [48], The Finnish State also collects taxes, duties and fees in land. The last item's derogation means that land is considered a third country for tax purposes, which has had the most important effect of allowing the profitable sale of tax-exempt goods on ferries to and from Sweden and Finland to continue. Bibliographic information. ), Regional citizenship or the right of domicile (hembygdsrtt) is a prerequisite for voting, standing as a candidate for the Legislative Assembly, or owning and holding real estate situated in unplanned areas of land. Participant (s) Submitter. Together with disappointment over insufficient support from Sweden in the League of Nations, Swedish disrespect for land's demilitarized status in the 1930s, and to some degree a feeling of shared destiny with Finland during and after World War II, this has resulted in a changed perception of land's relation to Finland: from "a Swedish province in Finnish possession" to "an autonomous part of Finland".[6]. Hayes, E. (2011). land is demilitarised. Prior to 1809, land was located within the boundaries of the Swedish realm. [70] Also, a 2013 drama film Disciple, directed by Ulrika Bengts, is set in land.[71][72]. An international agreement in respect of the non-fortification and the neutralisation of the Archipelago should guarantee to the Swedish people and to all the countries concerned, that the Aaland Islands will never become a source of danger . What was significant about the dispute between Sweden and Finland over the Aaland Islands? [11] The archipelago is connected to boland archipelago in the east (Finnish: Turunmaan saaristo, Swedish: bolands skrgrd)the archipelago adjacent to the southwest coast of Finland. Finland had been part of Sweden until the early nineteenth century, after which it was a quasi-autonomous part of the Russian empire for more than a century. By law, land is politically neutral and entirely demilitarised, and residents are exempt from conscription to the Finnish Defence Forces. These additional guarantees were to be introduced at an early date into the Law of Autonomy that had been enacted by the Finnish Parliament the previous year, and the Council of the League was to watch over their application. As a result, they became part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland (18091917). ),Autonomy and Demilitarisation in International Law: Aland Islands in a Changing Europe.Brill. IN THE COUNCIL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1921 Original Version in English SEPTEMBER 1921 League of Nations Official Journal 701 V. MINUTES OF THE SEVENTEENTH MEETING OF THE COUNCIL, JUNE 27TH - - - - - - - - "1. Because of the condition of neutrality under the 1921 Convention, the islanders enjoyed safety at sea during World War II, as their merchant fleet sailed both for the Allied countries and for Nazi Germany. 4) Council of Four at the WWI Paris peace conference, May 27, 1919, taken byEdward N. Jackson (US Army Signal Corps). Other smaller clubs include FC land, IF Finstrms Kamraterna, IF Fram and Lemlands IF. [29] land's Regional Assembly convened for its first plenary session in Mariehamn on 9 June 1922;[3] today, the day is celebrated as Self-Government Day of land.[4]. In L. Hannikainen, & F. Horn (Eds. [50], According to Eurostat, as of 2006[update] land was the 20th-wealthiest of the EU's 268 regions, and the wealthiest in Finland, with a GDP per inhabitant 47% above the EU mean.[51][52]. At a meeting held on the 12th July, 1920, the Council of the League of Nations, assembled at London, unanimously adopted with the assent of Finland and Sweden, the opposing parties in a dispute as to whether the inhabitants of the Aaland Islands should "be authorised to determine forthwith by plebiscite whether the archipelago should remain unde. The exception allows for maintained tax-free sales on the ferries between Sweden and Finland (provided they stop at Mariehamn or Lngns) and at the airport, but has also made land a different tax-zone, meaning that tariffs must be levied on goods brought to the islands. First Online: 08 April 2022 41 Accesses Download reference work entry PDF Definition The land islands (Swedish: land, Finnish: Ahvenanmaa) are a group of more than 6700 islands in the Baltic Sea, of which 99% are uninhabited. The Finnish Government was consequently obliged, during the accession negotiations, to seek, on lands behalf, derogations relating notably to the right of establishment, the freedom to provide services and the ownership of property. Right of domicile in land is a requirement for the right to: vote and stand for election in elections to Parliament, own and or be in possession of real estate in land. Their coalition partners in the cabinet, the Liberals, were rather inclined to sympathize with the White government in Finland, but they were traditionally neutralist and additionally rather suspicious of their Finnish counterparts. land held its own referendum on membership of the European Union on 20 November 1994. The Permanent Court of International Justice, established under Article 14 of the League Covenant, started work in 1922 and was kept busy from the outset, giving advisory opinions to the League Council or deciding cases submitted to it by individual governments. This stipulation was obeyed, despite unsuccessful attempts to change the status of the demilitarised islands in 1908. The Aaland Islands (plaintiff) was one such group, consisting of about 300 islands between Finland and Sweden. Commission of International Jurists on the Aland Islands Question. The League of Nations was set up to improve international cooperation and avert further wars. Japan's own interests in controlling Pacific islands would be aided by such a precedent, and it consequently gave important support to Finland. In this entry, it will be shown that the legacy of this case remains relevant for todays public international law, in particular concerning the questions of the exercise of self-determination within the legal framework of a nation state and the limits to unilateral claims to independence. land 's population's demand for self-determination was not met and sovereignty over the islands was retained by Finland, but international guarantees were given to allow the population to pursue its own culture, relieving the . A precursor to the . It was one of the first interstate disputes, which arose in the years after the First. [15]Currently in Article 355(4) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. League of Nations Treaties. Westview Press, Boulder, pp 95107, Rosting H (1923) Protection of minorities by the league of nations. This paper argues that the land Islands case, which was one of the first critical test cases brought before the at the time newly established intergovernmental organization called the League. Watch the seminar on YouTube: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, Population density: 18,3 persons per sq km. [citation needed] (See Languages of Sweden. The parliament distributes the budget for land. The main ports are the Western Harbour of Mariehamn (south), Berghamn (west) and Lngns on the eastern shore of the Main Island. The delimitation allows the demilitarised zone to be drawn on maps. They also started agriculture early on. land is guaranteed representation in the Finnish parliament, to which they elect one representative. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Form of government: Autonomous area belonging to Finland. The ethnicity of the landers and the correct linguistic classification of their language remain somewhat sensitive and controversial. [27] The land convention of 20 October 1921, signed by Sweden, Finland, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Denmark, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia, was the first international agreement achieved by the League. The coat of arms of land was originally to be granted to the Swedish island province of land in 1560; the two had been mixed up by mistake. By the time accession negotiations were concluded, however, the geo-political environment had radically evolved, and the issue was not touched upon in the Treaty of Accession. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Office of Information and Press, Brussels. Area: 13 300 sq km Solved by the Conference of Ambassadors instead. Finland marked the 150th anniversary of the demilitarisation of land by issuing a high-value commemorative coin, the 5 150th Anniversary of Demilitarisation of land commemorative coin, minted in 2006. European Centre for Minority Issues, Flensburg, Nijman JE (2014) Minorities and majorities. A German naval force was urgently asked to remove the Swedish troops from land. land's autonomous status means that those provincial powers normally exercised by representatives of the central Finnish government are largely exercised by its own government. VIII (pp.57-65). It is less clear to what degree other cabinet members were briefed in between cabinet meetings, or even whether they had a say. [61] The maritime education of land are all part of Alandica Shipping Academy. land's economy is heavily dominated by shipping, trade and tourism. Geneva, 23 September 1936: 30: 518: 1 : . Finland was placed under an obligation to guarantee to the population of the islands their Swedish culture, language, local customs and the system of self-government. Over 40 per cent of the inhabitants live in the only town, Mariehamn, which is one of lands 16 municipalities. The White government was alarmed by the arrival of Swedish troops on Finnish soil, and suspicious of Sweden's Socialist Minister of Defence. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10076-009-0005-9, Kirchner S (2015a) Crimeas declaration of independence and the subsequent annexation by Russia under international law. Parliament appoints the regional land Government. land is situated in an archipelago, called the land Islands, at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea belonging to Finland. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200012244, Kirchner S (2009) The subjects of public international law in a globalized world. The Grand Duchy of Finland became an autonomous entity, including the land Islands, within the Russian Empire. Success: 2. [31] land is demilitarised, and the population is exempt from conscription. Nordic J Int Law 51:1522. Juni 1919: Anschluss an Schweden [in German]", "Allt fler hemundervisare flyttar till land", "Krimmer, R., Duenas-Cid, D., Krivonosova, I., Serrano, R. A., Freire, M., & Wrede, C. (2019, September 27). League Nations Official J, 697, Loughlin J, Daftary F (1999) Insular regions and European integration: Corsica and the Aland Islands compared, ECMI report # 5. The dispute over the Aaland Islands is a significant case study of success for the League of Nations. 403 et seq., https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/141/141-20100722-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf, Janson C (1982) The autonomy of land: a reflexion of international and constitutional law. [6] (c) 'Britain was responsible for the failure of the League in the 1930s.' How far do you agree with [16]Protocol No. comes within the sphere of action of the League of Nations.6 In regard to the question of the demilitarization of the Aaland Islands, the commission decided that: (1) The provisions of the Convention and Treaty of Peace of 30th March, 1856, concerning the demilitarization of the Aaland Islands are still in force. [3] Also, one of the important proponents of a diplomatic solution to the case was Nitobe Inaz, who was one of the Under-Secretaries General of the League and the director of the International Bureaux Section, in charge of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.[4]. Swedish Empire 11571505 Denmark 1505 Swedish Empire 15051809 Russian Empire 18091854 Second French Empire 1854 Russian Empire 18541917 Red Finland 1917 Finland 19171918 Sweden 1918 German Empire 1918 Finland 1918present, Members of the Neolithic Comb Ceramic culture started settling the archipelago some 7000 years ago, after the islands had begun to re-emerge from the sea after being pushed down by the weight of the continental ice of the latest ice-age. In 1809, Sweden had ceded the islands - together with Finland - to Russia. The Contact Group between the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Government of land was established in 1998 by decision of the then Foreign Minister, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland on Instagram, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland on Facebook, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland in LinkedIn, Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland on Youtube, Development policy and development cooperation, International trade and services for companies, Entering Finland and travelling abroad AZ, Guidelines and financial support related to development cooperation, EU projects to develop public administration Twinning and TAIEX, Embassies, consulates general and honorary consulates by country, Minister for Foreign Trade and Development, Department for Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Department for Africa and the Middle East, Foreign and security policy in international organisations, Information security auditing tool for authorities Katakri, Personnel Security Clearance Certificates, Information security agreements in force in Finland, Research projects in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Goals and principles of Finlands development policy, Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), Climate change and sustainable use of natural resources, Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, The instructions for the reader: uses of development cooperation funds, FinlandIFC Blended Finance for Climate Program, Monitoring, oversight and risk management, Prevention of corruption, money laundering and terrorist financing, Internal audit as a monitoring instrument, How to take advantage of EU trade agreements, Team Finland activities at the Foreign Ministry, Promotion of export and internationalisation, Team Finland services offered for companies by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Services and guidelines for export control, Finland's Arctic and Antarctic cooperation, Central actors in the Arctic and Antarctic, Finlands Chairmanship of the Arctic Council in 20172019, The Finnish Presidency of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council 2021-2023, Projects that strengthen cooperation in the Baltic Sea, Barents Sea and the Arctic regions, Nordic cooperation on foreign and security policy, Cross-border cooperation between Finland and Russia, Action Plan for Climate Smart Foreign Policy, The new relationship between the EU and the UK (Brexit), UK experts at the ministries and agencies, Twinning and Taiex EU enlargement and neighbourhood projects, Finnish human rights policy within international organisations, Finlands international human rights policy, Finland in the UN Human Rights Council 20222024, Treaties for which Finland is the depositary, Services and guidelines related to sanctions, Subscribe to the international sanctions newsletter (in Finnish), Instructions on searching for sanctions regulations, Instructions for the interpretation of sanctions regulations, Applying for an authorisation specified in the EU Sanctions Regulations, How to apply to the European Court of Human Rights, How to submit a complaint to a UN Committee, Development cooperation evaluation reports: Comprehensive evaluations, Development cooperation evaluation reports: Project and programme evaluations, Development cooperation evaluation manual, Sanctions and Russias invasion of Ukraine, Finland is represented by another Schengen Member State, Finland represents another Schengen Member State, Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland, Parental consent for a child's holiday travel, Passport and other travel documents Finnish citizens', Visa and residence permit - Finnish citizens, Applying for a passport or an identity card, Passport application by persons liable for military service, Registration of marriage in the Population Information System, Registration of divorce in the Population Information System, Registration of a civil partnership in the Population Information System, Registration of birth in the Population Information System, Registration of death in the Population Information System, Registration of change of address in the Population Information System, Guidelines for procurement related to development cooperation projects, Development Cooperation support for Finnish CSOs, Support for Finnish civil society organisations and foundations, Project support to civil society organisations, e-Service for civil society organisations, Opportunities in development cooperation for companies, Opportunities in development cooperation for the private sector, Finnpartnership helps in forging contacts in developing countries, DevPlat funds the development of innovations especially for African and Asian markets, EEP Africa supports environmental and energy innovations, Development finance institutions enable companies' acquisitions, Support for International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs), Support for higher education institutions, Pre-assignment training for development cooperation postings. In 1832, Russia started to fortify the islands, with the great fortress of Bomarsund. In: Gray, K.W. The land Islands dispute was one of the first issues put up for arbitration by the League of Nations on its formation. [59] land University of Applied Sciences teaches about 600 students[60] in maritime, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, IT, finance, hotels, restaurants and health care. After World War I and Finlands independence in 1917, the question whether the island should be part of Sweden or part of Finland arose again, leading to the Aaland Islands Case, an international legal case concerning the land islands which was decided by the Council of the League of Nations in 1921. [25] Swedish nationalist sentiments had strengthened particularly as a result of the anti-Swedish tendencies in Finland and as a result of Finnish nationalism fueled by Finland's struggle to retain its autonomy and resistance against Russification. Geneva, 20 October 1921: 30: 579: 32 : Barros, J. Many animals that live in the islands are not native. [3]Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 11 (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp).

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