Though the treaty may not have caused the crash, it was a convenient scapegoat. [112][113] The payment schedule required US$250million within twenty-five days and then US$500million annually, plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports. On 7 May, when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors, including the so-called "War Guilt Clause", von Brockdorff-Rantzau replied to Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George: "We can sense the full force of hatred that confronts us here. [127] The French garrison withdrew, and in February the Allies agreed to attach Memel as an "autonomous territory" to Lithuania. Asquith campaigned against it while running for another House of Commons seat in the 1920 Paisley by-election. He also argued that Versailles was not the "main cause" of National Socialism and the German economy was "only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations". "[84] By signing the Treaty individually, the four Dominions and India also were founding members of the League of Nations in their own right, rather than simply as part of the British Empire. The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was to be dissolved.[n. Because the Allied Supreme Council was unable to come to an agreement on the partition of the Upper Silesian territory on the basis of the confusing plebiscite results, a solution was found by turning the question over to the Council of the League of Nations. ", while General Jan Smuts (a member of the South African delegation) wrote to Lloyd-George, before the signing, that the treaty was unstable and declared "Are we in our sober senses or suffering from shellshock? The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. [161], Historians are split on the impact of the treaty. [126] [77] Delegate Harold Nicolson wrote "are we making a good peace? Most of the negotiations were in Paris, with the "Big Four" meetings taking place generally at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Quai d'Orsay. In conjunction, Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty.[n. Prominent economists such as John Maynard Keynes declared the treaty too harshstyling it as a "Carthaginian peace"and said the reparations were excessive and counter-productive. "German political violence and the border plebiscite in Upper Silesia, 19191921. "[163] Furthermore, it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation, chemical and tank warfare. Further confounding the Americans, was US internal partisan politics. Reaction in the Kingdom of Italy to the treaty was extremely negative. Treaty of Versailles. On 7 March 1936 German troops re-occupied the Rhineland, a de-militarised zone according to the Treaty of Versailles. [178][179] The plebiscites initiated due to the treaty have drawn much comment. A pro-German campaign poster. [68] Wilson, a Democrat, refused to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation making his efforts seem partisan, and contributed to a risk of political defeat at home. Within the negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles, Orlando obtained certain results such as the permanent membership of Italy in the security council of the League of Nations and a promised transfer of British Jubaland and French Aozou strip to the Italian colonies of Somalia and Libya respectively. Aspiring to be accepted as a world actor with similar status to the traditional Western powers, Japan envisaged an Asian Monroe Doctrine, where Japan's proper sphere of geostrategic interests in Asia would be recognized. Britain and France sent troops to ensure the vote was democratic. 35] The British later proposed and agreed to an increase in the Reichswehr to 200,000 men, and for Germany to have an air force half the size of the French. THIS IS THE SOVEREIGN INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE OFFICIAL LEGAL NOTICE PERTAINING TO THE INTERSTELLAR PLEBISCITE TREATY ORGANIZATION FOR THE MEWAR (MEIHUA PLUM FLOWER ASSOCIATION) BUCKINGHAM PALACE, EDINBURGH PALACE AND WINDSORS PALACE SOVEREIGN ROYAL IMPERIAL FAMILY DISPERSED INTRAMURAL ORIGINAL UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TREASURY (USDOT) . This caused resentment on the German side, as this implied that the town of Tnder (Tondern) would be included in Zone I. Germany's eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria, who had both in the past balanced German power. As decreed by the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles, the geographic region around the Baltic Sea port of Danzig, formerly part of East Prussia within the German Empire, was to remain separated from Weimar Germany and from the new nation of Poland. The area was policed by French, British, and Italian troops, and overseen by an Inter-Allied Commission. Agreements between the Germans and Poles in Upper Silesia and appeals issued by both sides, as well as the dispatch of six battalions of Allied troops and the disbandment of the local guards, contributed markedly to the pacification of the district. On 7 November 1932, the Reich Minister of Defense Kurt von Schleicher authorized the illegal Umbau Plan for a standing army of 21 divisions based on 147,000 professional soldiers and a large militia. The Treaty of Versailles[i] was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. In March 1921, the Inter-Allied Commission held the Upper Silesia plebiscite, which was peaceful despite the previous violence. Two other requests were made, which were only partially followed by the Allied Powers. 11, no. Gustav Bauer, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including Articles 227, 230 and 231. Despite . Key Facts 1 The Anschluss was the Nazi German regime's first act of territorial aggression and expansion. [74] Some Germans considered the armistice to be a temporary cessation of the war and knew, if fighting broke out again, their ships would be seized. [160] SAAR RETURNED 1935 C B A A* JUDGE The terms of the Treaty of Versailles stated that: The League of Nations was to control What has become of Wilson's 14 points?" Publicly, these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation. [1] The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes, the prohibition on the merging of the Republic of German Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations, freedom of navigation on major European rivers, to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz.[n. Following the vote, the League of Nations debated the future of the province. Not even Napoleon himself could touch England. [149] Adam Tooze concurred, and wrote "To put this in perspective, annual military spending by the Weimar Republic was counted not in the billions but in the hundreds of millions of Reichsmarks"; for example, the Weimar Republic's 1931 program of 480million Reichsmarks over five years compared to the Nazi Government's 1933 plan to spend 4.4billion Reichsmarks per year. If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations, the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately.[n. German volunteers rushed to meet this uprising, and fighting on a large scale took place in the late spring and early summer of 1921. Ultimately, only 271 of 33,726 voters signed the protest list, of which 202 were German state servants. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. Korfanty called for a popular armed uprising whose aim was to maximize the territory Poland would receive in the partition. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, followed quickly by the entry of most European powers into an expanding conflict which became the First World War. Mother Denmark greets South Jutland. The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade. They wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article 10, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the US Congress. [30] In the UK, Labour Party member and anti-war activist Robert Smillie issued a statement in June 1919 condemning continuation of the blockade, claiming 100,000 German civilians had died as a result. Both Germany and Poland valued this region not only for reasons of national feeling, but for its economic importance as well. [5], The United States entered the war against the Central Powers in 1917 and President Woodrow Wilson largely shaped the peace terms. The Schleswig plebiscites were two plebiscites, organized according to section XII, articles 100 to 115 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, in order to determine the future border between Denmark and Germany through the former Duchy of Schleswig. During the year, over half of Chinese arms imports were German and worth 13million Reichsmarks. Instead, the Allies won decisively on the battlefield and forced an armistice in November 1918 that resembled a surrender. During 1919, political wishes in Denmark grew for the extension of the plebiscite area, and the issue became a topic of confrontation between the Social Liberal government and its parliamentary support, the Social Democrats, both parties opposing an extension the area, versus the Liberal and Conservative opposition which both supported an extension of the plebiscite area. A revived Germany would be a counterweight to France and a deterrent to Bolshevik Russia. The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points, and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered. Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce "all rights and title over the territory". Clausen had excluded both from his two lines. [132] The British did not adhere to all obligated territorial withdrawals as dictated by Versailles, on account of Germany not meeting her own treaty obligations. The French Right saw the treaty as being too lenient and saw it as failing to achieve all of France's demands. They outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, and democracy. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933, he was determined to overturn the military and territorial provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. [xii], According to David Stevenson, since the opening of French archives, most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference, though Stevenson notes that "[t]he jury is still out", and that "there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way. 8] The Belgian transitional administration, under High Commissioner General Herman Baltia, was responsible for the organisation and control of this process, held between January and June 1920.

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