This was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. "Black and slave population of the United States from 1790 to 1880." In the 15 years between the invention of the cotton gin and the passage of the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, an increase in the slave trade occurred, furthering the slave system in the United States.[6]. windowHref += '? Though apparently no studies have taken this factor into account it has important consequences for the standard of living. Over 600,000 people were killed over the course of the war, about 500 people per day. > Population in 1870: 217,000 ranked 32 out of 34, South Carolina The Seaman book is titled Essays on the Progress of Nations (New York: Charles Scribner, 1852). Chart. Weebly.footer.setupContainer('cdn2.editmysite.com', '1689367959'); The dominant political figure of this era was Andrew Jackson, who opened millions of acres of Indian lands to white settlement, destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, and denied the right of a state to nullify the federal tariff. Cairnes quotes Lord Sterling in Letters form the Slave States as saying for all practical purposes we may still regard Southern society as consisting of aristocratic planters and white trash, 83. Her evidence also shows the colonial South to have had the greatest number of very wealthy men.[33]. With but few exceptions Olmsted portrays the planters as possessing nominal wealth in land and slaves but lacking in their homes even the comforts of an ordinary working man in the North. The North had an enormous industrial advantage as well. [16], Students of the inequality of wealth distribution in antebellum America seem fairly well agreed today on a few conclusions: Wealth in both sections was distributed more equally in the countryside than in towns and cities, wealth was more concentrated in the rural South than in the rural North, but the overall inequality in wealth between North and South did not differ by too significant proportions, largely because of the great inequality which obtained in urban areas.[17]. Release date is date of extraction. 7 million Number of Americans lost if 2.5% of the population died in war today. But if the U.S. is headed toward declaring war on itself, again, it would have to be unimaginably bloody to come close to what happened more than 160 years ago. Surveying county wealth distribution a quite fascinating pattern emerges. The demand for slave labor and the U.S. ban on importing more slaves from Africa drove up prices for slaves, making it profitable for smaller farms in older settled areas such as Virginia to sell their slaves further south and west. USA TODAY 0:02 1:16 The claim: Only 1.6% of U.S. citizens owned slaves in 1860 As more Confederate monuments were being removed in the South this month, an old claim seeking to downplay the. > Population in 1860: 3,881,000 ranked 1 out of 34 In the history of the Southern United States, the Antebellum Period (from Latin: ante bellum, lit. [11] Engerman, The Antebellum South: What Probably Was and What Should Have Been, in The Structure of the Cotton Economy, 127-137. > Population in 1860: 175,000 ranked 30 out of 34 [4][5], In the 18th century, the Atlantic slave trade brought enslaved Africans to the South during the colonial period as a source of labor for the harvesting of crops. Known alternately as free Negroes, free blacks, free people of color, or simply freepeople (to distinguish them from post - Civil War freedpeople), they composed less than 2 percent of the nation's population and about 9 percent of all black people. Phillips argued that large-scale plantation slavery was inefficient and not progressive. The haughty Southern barons were due a lesson. National Historical Geographic Information System, "1860 Census Records - What Questions did the census ask? The top four most populated states remained unchanged from 1860 to 1870 and are still among the top 10 today: New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois. "Mercantilism and South Carolina Agriculture, 1700-1763. if (document.readystate === 'complete') { By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. Only 31 counties of the states of the 1860 nation are omitted from the table, apportioned among the states as follows: Florida, 2; Georgia, 1; Iowa, 2; Louisiana, 1; Michigan, 1; Mississippi, 3; Missouri, 1; and Texas, 20. Over one-fifth of Northern counties had wealth of less than $300 per capita, compared to less than an eighth of Southern counties. Roughly 2% of the population, an estimated 620,000 men, lost their lives in the line of duty. Similarly, the sampled farms were self-sufficient in meat production. The highest percentage of counties in this category found among the states adhering to the Union was Marylands 28.6 percent; the highest for a non-slave stateCalifornias 13.6 percent; and the highest for a Northern stateNew Jerseys 4.8 percent. Each advisor has been vetted by SmartAsset and is held to a fiduciary standard to act in your best interests. California had just over a half million people, while the population of Texas was barely more than 800,000. The southern part of the United States was vastly different from the New England area. May 15, 2014. url("//cdn2.editmysite.com/fonts/SQ_Market/sqmarket-medium.woff2") format("woff2"), > Population in 1870: 706,000 ranked 22 out of 34, Tennessee Percentage of African Americans living in slavery (according to US Census Bureau): As the era proceeded, Southern intellectuals and leaders gradually shifted from portraying slavery as an embarrassing and temporary system, to a defense of slavery as a positive good, and harshly criticized the nascent abolitionist movement.[2]. A large difference, however, separates the wealth of the Northeast from the Northern frontier states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Kansas. 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Persons over 20 years of age who can not read and write. Much of the Antebellum South was rural, and in line with the plantation system, largely agricultural. ); Information unearthed by Alice Hanson Jones in her study of colonial wealth indicates that average wealth in the Southern colonies on the eve of the American Revolution was over twice that of the Middle and New England colonies, with a per capita income advantage of the same proportions. The populations of three other states New Hampshire, Maine, and South Carolina were also virtually unchanged. In fact the Border states had as high a percentage of these counties as the Northern states, with the percentage in the Confederate States being only 8.4 percent. The extensive data which has been gathered by students of the Southern economy and which can be gleaned from the published census data demonstrate that the antebellum Souths economy was a vibrant, growing one at least as prosperous as that of the North, supporting a free population with a per capita wealth almost twice the Norths, and more so if the South be defined as the Confederate States. > Population in 1870: 997,000 ranked 16 out of 34, Arkansas These false images of the pre-war South had their origin in a number of sourcesabolitionist and wartime propaganda and misconceptions; descriptions by Northern and foreign travelers, most of whom were biased against the South to start with because of a dislike of slavery; Southern self-criticism by such writers as DeBow calling for economic and cultural independence from the North; a propensity for Southerners to deride poor elements in society by such epithets as white trash and to popularize tales of the poorer, more ignorant people, especially in the days when the land was a frontier; and to the defeat of the South in a cataclysmic war and the resultant poverty which beset the region. Finding a qualified financial advisor doesnt have to be hard. > Population in 1870: 819,000 ranked 19 out of 34, Vermont and over 1Mio. The statistics back up Soltows findings. The conclusion that, while both the North and the South were characterized by a high degree of inequality during the plantation era, the wealth distribution was much more unequal in the South than in the North arises from studies concerned with the equality of land, slave, and wealth distribution. Phillips addressed the unprofitability of slave labor and slavery's ill effects on the Southern economy. Confederate States of America, also called Confederacy, in the American Civil War, the government of 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-61, carrying on all the affairs of a separate government and conducting a major war until defeated in the spring of 1865. > Population in 1860: 435,000 ranked 25 out of 34 The overall impression one has of the South from their works is of a land benighted to the utmost degree. The economy was largely plantation based, and dependent on exports. These statistics reveal a surprising similarity of wealth distribution among the free men of North and South. > Population in 1860: 628,000 ranked 22 out of 34 } else { National data reveals that farmers (owners and tenants) made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations. > Population in 1860: 1,350,000 ranked 5 out of 34 font-style: normal; Droughts as severe as the 1860 one which William L. Barney exploits in his book The Secessionist Impulse were quite rare. Jun 21, 2022 This statistic shows the population of the United States in the final census year before the American Civil War, shown by race and gender. The South had many large farms and was less industrialized than the North. } else { To discount slave wealth gives an exceedingly false economic picture, as it constituted a prime element of Southern wealth and was easily convertible to cash or other forms of wealth if desired. Furthermore, the nations wealthy counties were concentrated in the states which became the Confederacy. Get quick analyses with our professional research service. American Civil War, also called War Between the States, four-year war (1861-65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.. Prelude to war. > Population in 1870: 1,184,000 ranked 12 out of 34, Illinois The matter of Southern self-sufficiency remains open to some debate. Slaves increased from 1 million in 1800 to 4 million in the next 60 years. The regional divisions are as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, except that Maryland and Delaware are included within the Middle Atlantic Division rather than the South Atlantic. Available: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1010169/black-and-slave-population-us-1790-1880/, Black and slave population of the United States from 1790 to 1880, Immediate access to statistics, forecasts & reports, Number of soldiers during the American Civil War 1861-1865, Soldier wages in the American Civil War 1861-1865, by rank, Black and slave population in the United States 1790-1880, United States presidential election 1860: results for the popular vote, United States presidential election 1860: electoral college results, Population of the United States 1860, by race, Population of the Confederate States in the American Civil War 1860-1870, Population of the Union States in the American Civil War 1860-1870, Population of the Border States in the American Civil War 1860-1870, Number of casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg 1863, Number of casualties at the Battle of Chickamauga 1863, Number of casualties at the Battle of Spotsylvania 1864, Number of casualties at the Battle of Wilderness 1864, Number of casualties at the Battle of Chancellorsville 1863, Number of casualties at the Battle of Stones River 1862-1863, Number of casualties at the Battle of Antietam 1862, Number of casualties at the Battle of the Second Manassas 1862, Financial reserves in the United States prior to the Civil War 1861, by region, Agricultural capacity at the outbreak of the American Civil War 1861, Number of factories and workers in the United States 1861, Miles of railroad in the United States prior to the American Civil War 1861, Black and slave population in the United States 1820-1880, Median age of the population in Japan 2020, Distribution of the population living in Marseille, France 2019, by age, Population of Turkey 2010-2022, by gender, Number of people living in Nice, France 2019, by gender, Share of population with access to electricity in North Africa 1990-2014, Number of people living in Lille in France 2019, by gender, Number of people living in Marseille, France 2019, by gender, Share of population 2012-2021, by ethnicity, Number of people living in Paris, France 2023, by gender, Sugar output of British Caribbean colonies 1815-1894, Number of slaves assigned each value on the Worthy Park Estate 1730, Number of sugar plantations and estates in Jamaica 1768-1854, Income share of top one percent of earners in the UK 1980-2019, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, election of President Abraham Lincoln in 1860, relationship between the police and the African-American community. [7], Virtually all of the data assembled by the cliometricians, and their interpretations of these statistics, portray the antebellum Southern economy on quite favorable terms with the Northern economy. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. The census wealth data shows the South to have a higher per capita wealth, even with the slave population counted, than the Northeast, with the per capita wealth of the North Central states comparing somewhat favorably with that of the Northeastern statesmuch more favorably than the ratio of per capita income between the two sections. facts. Soltow found that the economic elite of the country was dominated by southerners in the antebellum period. His figures reveal that 59 percent of the nations men in the top one percent of wealth-holders in 1860 were from the South. Objections in South Carolina to federal tariffs led to the Nullification Crisis in 1833. 24. . 2,489,836 white soldiers 178,975 African American soldiers 3,530 Native American troops Enlistment strength for the Confederate Army ranges from 750,000 to 1,227,890. The real and personal estate of each county, and of each state, is given. The Southern economy was characterized by a low level of capital accumulation (largely slave-labor-based) and a shortage of liquid capital, which, when aggravated by the need to concentrate on a few staples, the pervasive anti-industrial and anti-urban ideology,[citation needed] and the reduction[how?] > Population in 1860: 326,000 ranked 27 out of 34 //-->. The very face of extreme poverty in the South after the Civil War among large numbers of both its black and white citizens has done much to bolster the belief that the antebellum South was poor, as has the relative raking of the Southern states at the bottom of almost every economic index since that great conflict. With the exception of New Orleans and Baltimore, the slave states had no large cities, and the urban population of the South could not compare to that of the Northeast, or even that of the agrarian West. > Population in 1860: 993,000 ranked 12 out of 34 A majority of the counties of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and present-day Virginia were in this $1,000 and up class. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Despite the North's greater population, however, the South had an army almost equal in size during the first year of the war. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set The American Civil War took place as the country was expanding geographically and demographically. Value of Estate Owned: Value of Personal Estate. The proportion of men who held real property in the South was slightly higher than for the nation as a whole in 1850, though somewhat less than the ration of real property holders in the Northwest (Ohio and west). [3] This phenomenon has continued to influence racism, gender roles, and religious attitudes in the South, and to a lesser extent the rest of the country, to the present day. url("//cdn2.editmysite.com/fonts/SQ_Market/sqmarket-medium.woff") format("woff"); African Americans - African Americans - Civil War, Slavery, Emancipation: The extension of slavery to new territories had been a subject of national political controversy since the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery in the area now known as the Midwest. One New England state did have widespread povertyalmost a third of Maines counties had wealth of less than $300 per inhabitant, a higher proportion than any Southern state other than West Virginia. The current study uses total free population as the primary base for comparison. From the data we can see that there. But while the industrial manufacturing-based labor economy of the North was driven by growing demand, maintenance of the plantation economic system depended upon usage of slave labor that was both abundant and cheap. Its per capita wealth of $354 was considerably below the $467 figure for West Virginia, the poorest state of the South; even counting all of West Virginias slaves her per capita wealth drops only to $444. > Population in 1860: 672,000 ranked 21 out of 34 Carines during the Civil War in his book The Slave Power. In a nation where all men are created equal how could Southern men be so much wealthier? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Timely Abbeville Institute articles and news delivered directly to your inbox. They view the Souths comparative advantage to have been in agriculture rather than manufacturing. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. "Black and Slave Population of The United States from 1790 to 1880. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. An example of pioneering comparative work was "A Jamaica Slave Plantation" (1914). The name of every person whose usual place of abode on the first day of June 1860, was in this family. [Online]. Kansas is admitted as a state in 1861, prior to the publication of the 1860 Census in 1864, and therefore listed as a state not a territory in the 1860 Census. This was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. Easterlin, Interregional Differences in Per Capita Income, 92, 97-98. [3], Even counting slaves and estimating their income at subsistence, Easterlins estimates place Southern per capita income at 76 percent of the United States average in 1840 and 72 percent in 1860. In the eight slave states of the Upper South, slaves and slaveowners made up a smaller percentage of the total population than in the seven Lower South states.

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