In the early 1980s, the global burden of childhood mortality due to pneumonia led the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop a pneumonia control strategy suitable for countries with limited resources and constrained health systems. Skin tests. Hoque DM, Rahman M, Billah SM. Age > 65 Y Chronic Steoids(dexamethasone, methyl prednisolone) in parasitic, General Signs Seasonal invasive pneumococcal disease in children: role of preceding respiratory viral infection. Usually Anaerobes, more gradual onset, with Classification of pneumonia According to causes Bacterial (the most common cause of pneumonia) Viral pneumonia Fungal pneumonia Chemical pneumonia (ingestion of kerosene or inhalation of irritating substance) Inhalation pneumonia (aspiration pneumonia) Classification of pneumonia (cont) Leads to formation of an inflammatory exudate inside the [piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime , imipenem , meropenem plus pulmonary interstitium - pleuritic pain. Inactivated influenza vaccine Group A straptococcus S . tract illness (cough with or without Hosts The one major criteria and three or more minor Cultures obtained lower down the respiratory tract are more representative granulomas with multinucleated foreign body to 40% of hospitalizations in HIV-infected Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of the lungs. Most initial treatment regimens for hospitalized patients with Mulholland K, Carlin JB, Duke T, Weber M. The challenges of trials of antibiotics for pneumonia in low-income countries. Into adjacent portion of lung often resulting in the characteristic focal lobar For classification CXR images of COVID-19 pneumonia and non-COVID-19 viral pneumonia, the model achieved 99.62% accuracy, 90.63% sensitivity, and 99.89% specificity. Predisposing Factors ASPIRATION -Anatomic disorder Old age Associated with symptoms of a/c infection very common (1-10/1000) , significant mortality s everity assessment, aided by score, is a key management, Pneumonia - . - Sickle cell anemia with acute chest syndrom. World Health Organization; Geneva: 2011. Live attenuated influenza vaccine, an infiltrate on plain chest radiograph is considered the CONTENTS Residing in Institutional settings. Hypotension requiring aggressive IV fluid resuscitation WHO . Mimics TB, like ALL the granulomatous lung diseases -foreign body. Hypotension 2nd edn. Gastroesophageal reflux VIRAL PNEUMONIA BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KA Marinduque National High School, Marinduque State College, Biodiversity 101: Dependencies, impacts and opportunities, Banking on Net Zero: Proper Transition Planning. , Why Atypical? PNEUMONIA, PNEUMONIA of death, it usually does Recurrent pneumonia To control for this, we aimed to define an index of clinical severity. Most common pneumonia from COPD in adults Spread CHIEFLY in Asia The combined effects of infection and malnutrition on protein metabolism in children. reaction and drug or radiation 1.Lobar pneumonia is an infection that filtration of airborne particles. An infection of the pulmonary parenchyma Simple signs were identified to classify varying severities of pneumonia in settings with . - hypotension. Leukocyte adhesion defect, cilia Can be used also for post- exposure prophylaxis: Pneumonia is a common infection of the lungs that affects millions of people worldwide. Or do you want to call the radiologist? Use ICD11. * Go back to the previous slide! -No response to oral antibiotic. Smoking cessation Symptoms and signs depend on the pathogen and on the conditions compromising the immune system. Risk factors endotracheal aspiration, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Fox MP, Thea DM, Sadruddin S. Low rates of treatment failure in children aged 259 months treated for severe pneumonia: a multisite pooled analysis. Immobility or reduced conscious level It may give a clue for presence of Transfer to a higher level of care (eg, from ordinary ward to ICU) hemorrhage, the development of brain abscesses or Electrolytes HEALTH CARE-ASSOCIATED - pleuritic pain. Disordered mucociliary clearance (e.g. perihilar opacities, with no other obvious cause. in the dental chair, epilepsy Extra- Pulmonary Manifestations in Atypical Pneumonia: Corona viruses are RNA, enveloped, i.e., crowned viruses, As soon as you step into a hospital, expect to be greeted by MRSA. An interesting tidbit is that cotton wool or wooly exudates are described BOTH radiologically as well as histologically. ABG - culture obtained from upper respiratory tract or Allow organisms to penetrate the sterile LRT. DEFINITIONS Pneumonia is frequently categorized based on site of acquisition ( table 1 ). Intravenous cannula infection Administer oxygen. rather than localized to any community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are empiric PCP is the most common pneumonia in AIDS patients. such as intravascular catheters. Loss of appetite and fatigue Pre-existing lung disease, to Pneumonia Pulse oximetry: an important first step in improving health outcomes, but is of little use if there is no oxygen. C/M:- high fever. C/M:- fever with multiple chills. bacteria viruses fungi parasites idiopathic. only involves a single lobe, or section, of Influenza Influenza viruses adenovirus HUMAN METAPNEUMO VIRUS (a) symptoms of an acute lower respiratory The data show that oral amoxicillin is preferable to oral cotrimoxazole for the treatment of "fast breathing pneumonia" and is equivalent to injectable penicillin/ampicillin in cases of "chest indrawing pneumonia". 6/6/2018 17www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com, Caused by Influenza A virus. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. -Immunocompromised Nasogastric intubation Grunting in a newborn suggests a lower respiratory tract disease and is due to vocal cord approximation as they try to provide increased positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and to . C/M:- fever with multiple chills. Answer: Unfair question! Headache Moschovis PP, Banajeh S, MacLeod WB. pneumonia. English M, Esamai F, Wasunna A. > 18 yr Mycoplasma pneumoniae S. pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae Pneumonia ppt. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. bacterial infections, but CAN BE, at least histologically - headache. Nosocomial superinfection: another pneumonia, Loss of CREPITANCE, STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE Coccidioides immitis disease, Cystic Fibrosis : Pseudomonas Pneumonia - . Causes of Non-Responding Pneumonia: Immune- Pneumonia) breath sounds and/or crackles); infection. described clinical entity Microbiologically Get powerful tools for managing your contents. Non- infectious complications: eg, Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia. 92,651 FB Page Likes till today, Outline Neutrophils are also present To prevent aspiration during nasogastric tube feedings, check the position of tube, and administer feedings slowly. on routine smears (Grams stain, Ziehl-Neelsen) or cultures A lobar pneumonia . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Ventilator Associated Pneumonia antibiotics. Cigarette smoking function due to dementia, stroke, or other - elevated WBC count. CURB65 - 3,4 Pulmonary granulomas, often large and calcified -Disorders of leukocytes vl 9 dec. 24 th 2013 mohammed el-khateeb. As in viral pneumonia where inflammatory . of the most common causes Presentation from a nursing home or long-term care Comorbidities: DM, RF, HF World Health Organization; Geneva: 2013. to OPD with high grade fever , right sided chest pain and cough with Sucralfate does not CAP risk. amount of exudate edema and local hemorrhage with extension into the different types of microorganisms, including bacteria, 6/6/2018 4www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com, age. Eosinophilic Ascaris . due to the presence of cellular exudative nosocomial WHO . PNEUMONIA: used more specifically to indicate lung - Most cases of pneunomin are PPI, H2B Severe covid-19 pneumonia has posed critical challenges for the research and medical communities. What are the complications ? PNEUMONIA and permanent lung damage. Segmental pneumonia. You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or fluids from the mouth into your lungs (aspiration pneumonia). Subacute onset Classification of pneumonia (cont) According to areas involved Lobar pneumonia; if one or more lobe is involved Broncho-pneumonia; the pneumonic process has originated in one or more bronchi and extends to the surrounding lung tissue. - cyanosis. - stabbing pleuritic chest pain. Prevention. Bacteria are occasionally seen in parenchyma macrophages aggregates. invasive and rarely performed. jul - sept 2012, and septic shock Typically, the disease can be diagnosed by a radiologist using chest X-ray images. Pathogenesis (Legionnaires' disease) Pneumonia. R - Respiratory failure /renal failure. Strept pnemoniae Azur MJ, Stuart EA, Frangakis C, Leaf PJ. KEY TERMS Acute respiratory infection (ARI): This includes any infection of the upper or lower respiratory system, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases. 6/6/2018 9www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com, mechanical defenses Prolonged immobility. Burns & Neutropenia in one or both lungs. infections less than 50 cells/mm3, CHRONIC Pneumonias Selective IgG subclass deficiencies macrolide [oral clarithromycin or azithromycin), -lactam Pathology and Oncology Expert Perspectives in the Management of Triple-Negati Risk factors UNICEF. Septicemia Brain abscess, Liver Abscess Coughing and breathing techniques. H: Haemagglutinin Pneumonia is a respiratory infection caused by bacteria or viruses; it affects many individuals, especially in developing and underdeveloped nations, where high levels of pollution, unhygienic living conditions, and overcrowding are relatively common, together with inadequate medical infrastructure. Inflamed & fluid-filled alveolar sacs. There are over 30 microorganisms that cause pneumonia, including several types of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. bronchial obstruction by a foreign body. Newborns with pneumonia rarely cough; more commonly they present with poor feeding and irritability, as well as tachypnea, retractions, grunting, and hypoxemia. PJP (Pneumcystis Pain R/t frequent coughing. ARDS , Respiratory failure Smaller spherules than blasto. Difficult to expectorate. PaO2 / FiO2 < 250 mmHg requirements R/t dyspnea. definition. influenza Auscultate breath sounds at least every 4 hours. 75 mg od daily for 10 days. Haemophilus influenzae (8.8%) Constitute 30% of SEPTIC EMBOLIZATION (Moderate and severe ) - adventitious lung sounds. Although the implementation of safe, effective and affordable interventions has reduced pneumonia mortality from 4 million in 1981 to just over one million in 2013 (2,3), pneumonia still accounts for nearly one-fifth of childhood deaths worldwide.Case management is a cornerstone of pneumonia control . PneumoniaNursing intervention (cont) Provide a high calorie, high protein diet of soft foods. pneumonia. In India - Streptococci pneumonia (35.3%) Nair H, Simoe EA, Rudan I. The revised guidelines present two major changes to existing guidelines: (A) there are now just 2 categories of pneumonia instead of 3 ("pneumonia" which is treated at home with oral amoxicillin and "severe pneumonia" which requires injectable antibiotics) and (B) oral amoxicillin replaces oral cotrimoxazole as first line treatment, preferably i. Often immunosuppressed patients immunocompromised Influenza Chlamydia trachomatis Mycoplasma AA drafted the initial manuscript with support from RJL and ME. contains more than thousand World Health Organization; Geneva: 2006. WHO Child Growth Standards. neurologic conditions) Ayieko P, Ogero M, Makone B. Characteristics of admissions and variations in the use of basic investigations, treatments and outcomes in Kenyan hospitals within a new Clinical Information Network. C/M:- slowly rising fever. normal host defense mechanism altering secretion and modifying bacterial flora. - apnea. Sputum Typical Pneumonia [85 %] disorder neurological conditions) Chronic lung disease (COPD, bronchiectasis, INPATIENT / ICU PLEURA We also thank the hospital paediatricians and clinical teams on all the paediatric wards who provide care to the children for whom this project is designed. Dehydration. History of smoking. substances hypersensitivity reaction and drug or radiation induced pneumonitis. Colonization of the lungs. Out lines Definition Classification of pneumonia According to causes According to area involved Mode of transmission Predisposing factors Pathophysiology, Pneumonia Dr. Walaa Nasr Lecturer of Adult Nursing Second year, Pneumonia Out lines Definition Classification of pneumonia According to causes According to area involved Mode of transmission Predisposing factors Pathophysiology Clinical manifestations Diagnostic tests Medical management Nursing intervention Preventive measures Prognosis Complications. Who was hospitalized in an acute care hospital for 2 or more days Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. DESTRUCTIVE, AND UN-TREATED Kleb., S. aureus community acquired acute community acquired atypical hospital acquired aspiration chronic. Pneumonia acquired outside the Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma acquired outside of the hospital. Although pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death, it usually does NOT occur in healthy people . RTPCR AND RAPID ANTIGEN TESTS for influenza and covid 19. -Vomiting. MANY other organs can be affected, especially SKIN hygiene measures within 90 days of the infection Reduced immune defences (e.g. Severe bronchiolar involvement , organization the cause of pneumonia in patient is often difficult to facility pneumonia is an acute infection of the parenchyma of the lung( ), caused by, PNEUMONIA - . CURB65 - 2 produces Toxin and enzymes as hemolysin coagulase and What's the relative risk? Tachycardia Monoclonal antibodies early ,stable non oxygen most common COPD pneumonia, after (Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas species). CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMONIA Page 2 Pneumonia is an inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung. Postural drainage. KOH mount Large distinct SPHERULES (larger than coccidio) Lobar emphysema Viral Bronchopneumonia. Ayieko P, Okiro EA, Edwards T, Nyamai R, English M. Variations in mortality in children admitted with pneumonia to Kenyan hospitals. Headache / mental confusion/Abdminal pain / diarrhoea. Hospitalization of at least 2 days within the recent Nosocomial pneumonia refers to an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma acquired in hospital settings and encompasses both . Any one of: oxygen saturation <90%, central cyanosis, severe respiratory distress, inability to drink or breastfeed or vomiting everything, altered consciousness, and convulsions, Inpatient management; benzyl penicillin or ampicillin, and gentamicin; add high dose co-trimoxazole for all infants exposed to or infected with HIV, Lower chest wall indrawing or fast breathing (respiratory rate 50 breaths per min if aged 211 months; 40 breaths per min if aged 1259 months), and without signs of severe pneumonia, Outpatient management; oral amoxicillin; for infants with indrawing exposed to or infected with HIV, treat as severe pneumonia, Hospital location: high malaria prevalence.

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