In social anthropology, matrilocal residence or matrilocality is the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents. As part of this process, the newly married couple spend the first years of marriage living with the family of the wife, and then after the birth of one or more children they may choose to continue living with the wifes family, move nearer the husbands family, or live somewhere else entirely (although typically following kinship ties; Marlowe 2004). Claude Lvi-Strausss Structuralism and its Influence on Anthropological Thought, Clifford Geertz and the Thick Description of the Balinese Cockfight, Bronislaw Malinowski, the Trobriand people and the Kula. In social anthropology, matrilocal residence or matrilocality (also uxorilocal residence or uxorilocality) is a term referring to the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents. As for the migration model, the posterior samples used to create the densities were marginalized over varying intercepts for birthplaces. It could be surmised that a probands knowledge of a grandparents birthplace would be negatively impacted by migration of a parent. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 15(2), 201220. Neolocal Residence. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2012.666905. Legassick, M. (1993). Parents and grandparents born in the Richtersveld were more likely to have migrated, and migrated longer distances on average, than their counterparts in the Cederberg, as shown by comparisons across regions in Fig. Adhikari, M. (1992). Mapping the origins and expansion of the Indo-European language family. Barnard, A. ( noun) When a married couple live together in a new residence instead of with the husband's family ( patrilocal residence) or the wife's family ( matrilocal residence ). The kinship terminology used in descriptions of Priam's household (e.g. The results are ordered by generation within locality as our primary focus is on intergenerational change in locality status. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 270(1532), 24252433. Howell, N. (1979). This form of intergenerational land tenure may be reflected in our migration model: the majority of birthplaces that reduce an individuals propensity to migrateyet are not economic centersare former mission settlements. Searle, S., Casella, G., & McCulloch, C. (1992). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. (2015). Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. Fundamina, 25(1). The most common pattern of postmarital residence among the complete cases is an individual with the same birthplace as both parents (equilocality). A growing body of research in quantitative human ecology is focused on reconstructing the ancestral kinship norms of human populations and how they have changed through prehistory (Fortunato et al., 2006; Holden & Mace, 2003; Jordan et al., 2009; Opie et al., 2014). Wiley. Dutch colonists likely first expanded into the Cederberg Mountains in the early 1700s (Penn, 1986). (a Richtersveld resident). After apartheid became state policy in 1948, these land reserves were assigned to specific racial groups defined by the government, and it became increasingly difficult for people to move between these areas (Barry, 2004). Neolocality is also linked to concepts such as bilocality or ambilocality, which refer to situations where couples are free to choose where to live and opt to live close to family (either on the male or the female side) based on practicalities that are not rooted in customs or tradition. Several studies have demonstrated that, in agricultural societies, large dwellings (over ca. Hasidic Jews the origins and growth of Hasidism, Archaeologists find remains of pregnant tortoise in Pompeii. After matching clusters, we merged ancestry estimates across all groups, averaging individuals that appeared in multiple running groups using pong (Behr et al., 2016). Expected log predictive densities for model comparison were calculated using Pareto smoothed importance-sampling leave-one-out cross-validation (PSIS-LOO) as implemented in the R package loo (Vehtari et al., 2017). This continued into the twentieth century since, under apartheid policy, Coloured individuals living in mission stations could still be granted title to rural lands (Bekker & Cramer, 2003). 4. The land rights of these Coloured farmers were never certain, as noted by our participants. History of the dispossession of the rights in land of pastoral indigenous communities in the Cape Colony from 1652 to 1910. Intergenerational migration is characterized by comparing an individuals birthplace with one or both of their parentsbirthplaces. In the context of residence patterns the example of Nina and Declan going to live in her parents house is an example of "Matrilocal Residence". Science, 337(6097), 957960. We extended our models to include either a categorical predictor encoding the settlement size of an individuals birthplace or the genetic ancestry ratios of the proband to determine if these variables would further explain migration and locality above and beyond the baseline model. Your place or mine? Cultural incest taboos and incest avoidance psychology invariably create a situation in which at least one marriage partner will live among affinal rather than consanguineal kin (Murdock, 1949). Overall, our results show a pattern of urbanization and modernization in our study areas, whereby individuals are moving more often and greater distances than in the past. Cambridge University Press. Of or relating to the tendency of males to leave their natal group and reside in or mate with females of a different group. What are the different marriage wealth-exchange practices? Land tenure and environmental conditions at Wupperthal. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582479608671256. In G. Hull (Ed. Specifically, we examined admixture patterns (i.e., individual genetic ancestry from recent Khoe-San, European, and/or Bantu-speaking African ancestors) as a crude proxy for past cultural interaction. Because of the difficult topography, the Cederberg was one of the first natural barriers to colonial expansion, serving as a natural refuge for Khoe-San as well as individuals fleeing the spread of the colonial frontier until the late eighteenth century, when it became fully incorporated into the Cape Colony (Mitchell, 2002; Penn, 2005). Einiqualand: Studies of the Orange River Frontier. Download: PDF | ePUB (ebook) Marks, S. J., Levy, H., Martinez-Cadenas, C., Montinaro, F., & Capelli, C. (2012). In our dataset, there are two observations for each participant (a participants birthplace versus their mothers or fathers), as well as two observations for each parent of a participant (each parents birthplace versus their mothers or fathers). This type of residence is also sometimes referred to as matrilocal residence. Despite the history of colonial expansion, and the subsequent incorporation of Khoe-San and Khoe-San-descendant communities into a colonial society with strong patrilocal norms, patrilocality is the least common postmarital residence pattern in our study populations today. Concatenated male and female birthplace-level varying intercepts, Y and Z, are treated in the same way. Post-marital residence (PMR) is one of the key components of social organization, since it affects social structures in many important ways, including descent systems and kinship terminology ( Murdock, 1949 ), modes of marriage ( Divale and Harris, 1976 ), wealth inheritance rules ( Agarwal, 1988, Marlowe, 2004 ), division of labor ( Korotayev, . Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 25(1), 5371. Ambilocality and flexibility of movement are hallmarks of contemporary foraging societies. My mothers grandmother had her own farm. Global demographic shifts such as the transition to agriculture during the Neolithic and more recently the urbanization and globalization of the twentieth century have been major catalysts for cultural change. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330430111. London: Edward Arnold. Study participants genomes, shown in the two right-most panels for each value of K, tend to be dominated by the red cluster, corresponding to an inferred Khoe-San ancestry, for K=4:6. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199071. 1c). Although the forces of colonialism and globalization are the most recent and widespread, cultural change as a result of interaction between groups has happened for millennia. Kirby, K. R., Gray, R. D., Greenhill, S. J., Jordan, F. M., Gomes-Ng, S., Bibiko, H. J., Blasi, D. E., Botero, C. A., Bowern, C., Ember, C. R., Leehr, D., Low, B. S., McCarter, J., Divale, W., & Gavin, M. C. (2016). We included varying intercepts (random effects) for families and birthplaces in the base model to acknowledge hierarchical structure (Modeling Intergenerational Migration, above) in the dataset and adjust for unmeasured contextual effects associated with these groupings. Post-marital residence is a sex-biased dispersal defined by the place where a newly-wed couple lives after marriage. In choosing prior parameter densities, we attempted to balance the desire for full exploration of the parameter space with regularization, which aims to prevent unstable or nonsensical model estimates (Gelman et al., 2017). Oxford University Press. 65 m 2) are associated with matrilocality (spouse resides with or near the wife's family), whereas smaller dwellings are associated with patrilocality (spouse resides with or near the husband's family). https://doi.org/10.17159/2411-7870/2019/v25n1a5. South African Historical Journal, 28(1), 329368. The estimated standard deviations of these effects, as well as the effects themselves, can be informative about their importance as sources of variation. Some statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods. Cambridge University Press. Henn, B. M., Gignoux, C. R., Jobin, M., Granka, J. M., Macpherson, J. M., Kidd, J. M., Rodriguez-Botigue, L., Ramachandran, S., Hon, L., Brisbin, A., Lin, A. What are the key components of the anthropological perspective? PLoS One, 11(7), e0158391. Wiley. Hajnal, J. where is the probability of migration and g is a suitable probability density for a non-negative variable having parameter . When the sons become of age, they leave the residence of their parents and move in with their uncle, and when they marry, their wives will live with them in their uncles household as well. We included varying intercepts (random effects) for birthplaces and families to learn about the magnitudes of these contextual effects relative to the baseline effects of region, generation and gender. It's where the couple moves to live where the wife grew up; usually found with matrilineal kinship systems. Our capture of demographic data depended on informants knowledge and recall of life-history information of their forebears. Under this postmarital residence pattern, the expected demographic patterns are that men will move away from their natal community more often than women and they will move greater distances than women. Adhikari, M. (1996). A phylogenetic comparative analysis of marital residence in Indo-European and Austronesian societies. (1995). Describe an interesting tradition in your country. For example, Indo-European languages are thought to have spread with expanding pastoralist populations during the Bronze Age and have become the dominant language family of Europe (Bouckaert et al., 2012; Fortunato & Jordan, 2010). The interaction of European colonial powers and indigenous groups has varied across time and space; however, common themes emerge as colonial governments sought to obtain and control land masses. ), The global Spanish Empire: Five hundred years of place making and pluralism (pp. Is Globalisation a Reconfiguration of the Extractive Methods of the Colonial Era in Sub-Saharan Africa? This type of residence practice is closely tied with the formation of nuclear families and the concept of romantic love. The sons of Ham: Slavery and the making of Coloured identity. This pattern of urbanization of Coloured individuals in the Western and Northern Cape over the course of the twentieth century has also been observed in other studies (Bekker & Cramer, 2003; Kok & Collinson, 2006; Zietsman, 1988) and could be the result of a combination of factors including increased economic opportunities in more urban locations as well as land degradation and property alienation in more rural locations. Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife. The family spread to Riebeck and other places. Fitzhugh, W. (1985). Raw genotype data was processed with Illuminas GenomeStudio to call common variants (MAF>0.05), followed by zCall to call rare variants (Goldstein et al., 2012). 648 individuals from 8 populations were used as reference groups. In this case, it would not make sense for a husband to live with his wifes family as he would not be the only man in her life. The colony began expanding in 1679 as farmers occupied the nearby Cape Flats and the region around modern-day Stellenbosch. Current Biology, 27(16), 25292535e3. Together these factors may have expedited the transition to sedentism in the Richtersveld. Family members in the Richtersveld exhibited greater odds of migration and longer migration distances than those in the Cederberg. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw327. Permanent colonial settlement in the Richtersveld did not begin until the early nineteenth century with the establishment of a number of Christian missions near the modern town of Pofadder in 1813 and at the farm of Leliefontein in 1816 (Rohde & Hoffman, 2008; Smith, 1995). University of Arizona Press. Bioinformatic pipelines are publicly available via github (https://github.com/hennlab/snake-SNP_QC). In D. V. Glass & D. E. C. Everstey (Eds. Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(13), 51545162. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.1.105. Since the beginning of the colonial period, the indigenous Khoe-San residents have experienced huge demographic changes. Recent settlement patterns reflecting historical missionization in the Cederberg may also be detected in the migration model. Through this process, indigenous groups changed or lost primary languages, settlement patterns and marriage preferences, burial practices, foodways, and other cultural traits (Bacon, 2019; Fitzhugh, 1985; Khawaja, 2021; Murray, 2004; Silliman, 2005). From bridewealth to dowry? Settler colonialism, as this has come to be called, typically employs racial classification to variably incorporate, disenfranchise, or eliminate indigenous groups to solidify colonial control of the land (Wolfe, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa5139. (2017) found that genetic admixture and language changes followed similar patterns in Cape Verdean Kriolu speakers, with possible co-transmission of genetic and linguistic variation. A number of mining companies were established in the region throughout the 18501860s to exploit rich deposits of copper, diamonds, and other mineral resources in Okiep and elsewhere. Thus he develops the matrilocal residence. Finally, the model for migration distance must accommodate two forms of censoring. In the parental generation, parents in the Cederberg were more likely to reside neolocally (relative to equilocally) than their counterparts in the Richtersveld. D-PLACE: A global database of cultural, linguistic and environmental diversity. As these communities dispersed from the expanding colony, they encountered various indigenous Khoe-San groups and, in many cases, became integrated with them (Penn, 2005) or formed new communities, such as the Oorlam, Griqua, or Baasters (Edgar & Saunders, 1982; Nurse & Jenkins, 1975; Ross, 1975). Uxorilocal residence is when a married couple lives with or near the wife's parents, or more specifically the wife's mother. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05689.x. Goldstein, J. I., Crenshaw, A., Carey, J., Grant, G. B., Maguire, J., Fromer, M., ODushlaine, C., Moran, J. L., Chambert, K., Stevens, C., Sklar, P., Hultman, C. M., Purcell, S., McCarroll, S. A., Sullivan, P. F., Daly, M. J., & Neale, B. M. (2012). According to this custom the husband leaves his family of orientation and resides with his wife in the house of his father-in-law. In some cases the husband and wife do not actually live together after marriage. In our study region, historical records suggest the indigenous Khoe-San groups in southern Africa interacted primarily with European colonists. At k=3 we can see three primary ancestry clusters: African, European, and East Asian. Scripts for processing the demographic data, running, and plotting the demographic models are available at https://github.com/reynolds-lab/HumNat2023_analysis. Goodwin Series, 5, 62. https://doi.org/10.2307/3858148. The British took control of the Cape Colony in 1806. Duolocal Residence Pronunciation Definition of Duolocal Residence ( noun) When a married couple live at separate locations and typically only come together to conceive children. The regression coefficients for log-distance, , have a multivariate Gaussian prior in which the mean vector has a first element equal to log(100), used as a prior baseline, and all subsequent elements are equal to 0. Barry, M. (2004). This process has been called acculturation, whereby over time indigenous communities assimilate into the dominant culture and the memory of their cultural traditions is lost. The consequences of modernity for indigenous peoples: An international appraisal. As the colonial frontier expanded, a group of people with parents from multiple ancestries emerged, referred to derogatorily as Bastaards (Penn, 2005). 129164). One category in R is necessarily redundant, as, for example, if a couples residence was neither neolocal, matrilocal, nor patrilocal, it must have been equilocal. When people get married in the western world, it is usually taken for granted that they will set up a new household and move away from their families of origin. Another advantage of patrilocal residence is that it helps to keep land and property within the same family. Sampling of 207 individuals in the Richtersveld region took place in 2014 and 2015. https://doi.org/10.1086/382256. Correspondence to Genetic ancestry was quantified by two ratios, the proportion of Khoe-San ancestry relative to Eurasian ancestry and, similarly, for West/Central African relative to Eurasian, as estimated by ADMIXTURE at k=3. Dance as Ritual an anthropological perspective, How Residence Customs After Marriage Vary Around the World, Compare the operations and implications of Bridewealth and Dowry, The impact of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) on Anthropology, The two-gender system is neither innate nor universal (Towle and Morgan 2006). Similar analyses have been done with other cultural traits. Matriliny and matrilocality have also been shown to be negatively correlated with presence of movable property such as herds (Ember & Ember, 1971; Murdock, 1949). Here, the parents migration distance can be similarly bounded above, and further bounded below by the distance between the childs birthplace and the nearest location to it within the parents natal region. Mberu (Mberu, 2005) used a multi-logit model to investigate the relationship between migration decisions and social and demographic covariates in rural Nigeria. A recent study found that among more than 1200 populations in the D-PLACE ethnographic atlas (Kirby et al., 2016), large community size, hierarchy beyond the local level, and intensive agriculture were all negatively associated with matrilocality, whereas foraging modes of subsistence were positively associated with matrilocality (Surowiec et al., 2019). We first interpret effects of the preferred model, including settlement size, and subsequently the effects of the model including genetic ancestry. This multilocal postmarital residence pattern with bride-service is considered to be a feature of gender egalitarianism among hunter-gatherer societies (Dyble et al., 2015) and can result in a residence pattern favoring postmarital matrilocal residence. Under this mission system, the church owned all of the land and would parcel it out to individual families. Because of its rugged terrain, the Cederbergs served as an excellent hiding place for Khoe-San groups retreating from the expanding colony, as well as escaped enslaved individuals (Penn, 2005). 3) shows a high level of Khoe-San ancestry in both the Richtersveld and the Cederberg. Description (2015). egion. In many cultures, it is thought that a womans primary loyalty is to her mother and not her husband. Here, the covariates are fully observed, and the main concern is the extent to which missingness might be related to the unobserved outcomes or secondary consequences of them (Little & Rubin, 2002). University of Calirfornia Press. 97116). During apartheid, they arranged for non-whites to come live in the Richtersveld. The evidence, based on migration data, for the persistence of a preference for matrilocal residence patterns is suggestive but not definitive. Migration and urbanisation in South Africa. Posel, D. (2001). Murray, T. (2004). Wiktionary Advertisement Find Similar Words Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a Southern African origin for modern humans. In contrast to the birthplace effects, family effects on postmarital residence are seemingly minor. After this removal, we were left with 391 individuals (N=195 Cederberg; N=196 Richtersveld). Wiley. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374(1780), 20180077. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0077. DNA samples were collected from saliva with Oragene OGR-500 kits (DNA Genotek) and extracted using prep-IT L2P reagents (DNA Genotek) according to the manufacturers protocol. Finally, patrilocality was the least common residence pattern across generations and regions. In conclusion, there are four main types of residence customs after marriage: neolocal, virilocal (aka patrilocal), (uxorilocal) matrilocal, and avunculocal. to lead to matrilocal residence, at the same time, it makes polygyny increasingly attractive for men. Molecular Ecology, 21(20), 49584969. The increased need for labor in the Cape Colony was largely met by the Indian Ocean slave trade, although farmers who could not afford slaves turned to the indigenous Khoe-San population as a cheap labor source. A. S. Le Fleur and the Griqua Trek of 1917: Segregation, self-help, and ethnic identity. Elaborations of the baseline model include either additive terms for the size of an individuals birthplace (coded as a categorical variable for city, town, farm, or unknown) or additive terms for the subjects genetic ancestry (inferred proportion of Khoe-San ancestry relative to Eurasian ancestry, and similarly for West African ancestry relative to Eurasian). A. Hill, K. R., Walker, R. S., Boievi, M., Eder, J., Headland, T., Hewlett, B., Hurtado, A. M., Marlowe, F., Wiessner, P., & Wood, B. The recent history of South Africa has seen major demographic shifts that resulted in the displacement and forced sedentism of indigenous Khoekhoe and San populations. At k=6 we see a component most common in Palestinians, but to a lesser extent in the Maasai from Kenya and the Nama from the Richtersveld. In some cases the husband and wife do not actually live together after marriage. For example, an individual could have 40% of their markers belonging to cluster A and the other 60% belonging to cluster B, assuming only two clusters. Statistics South Africa. Dooling, W. (2005). Pluto Press. Google Scholar. (C) ADMIXTURE analysis of the study populations assumed K=36 source populations, with a comparative dataset incorporating samples from the 1000 Genomes Project and the Human Genome Diversity Project. South Africas racial past: The history and historiography of racism, segregation, and apartheid. Koster, J., & McElreath, R. (2017). (2017). geosphere: Spherical trigonometry, version 1.510. Little, R., & Rubin, D. (2002). The wife and her children live with . Given the power dynamics between European colonizers and indigenous populations around the world, one might expect the Khoe-San to have assimilated to the patrilocal residence pattern during the colonial period. Societies, 11(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11030089. https://doi.org/10.1080/02582479208671739. Dyble, M., Salali, G. D., Chaudhary, N., Page, A., Smith, D., Thompson, J., Vinicius, L., Mace, R., & Migliano, A. https://doi.org/10.2307/218547. In the Cederberg, the majority (92%) of individuals included in our analysis self-identify as Coloured. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1664), 19571964. South African Historical Journal, 35(1), 169182. Murdock, G. (1949). 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